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| Home > Statutes > Usa Missouri |
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USA Statutes : missouri
Title : SOVEREIGNTY, JURISDICTION AND EMBLEMS
Chapter : Chapter 7 State Boundaries
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Explanatory Note.--The boundaries of the state of Missouri have been
fixed as follows:
The enabling act of Congress (March 6, 1820), authorizing the admittance
of Missouri into the Union, described the boundaries of Missouri as
follows: (Section 2, Act of Admission, RSMo 1959, Volume 5)
"Beginning in the middle of the Mississippi River, on the parallel of
thirty-six degrees of north latitude; thence west, along that parallel of
latitude, to the St. Francis River; thence up and following the course of
that river, in the middle of the main channel thereof, to the parallel of
latitude thirty-six degrees and thirty minutes; thence west along the
same to a point where the said parallel is intersected by a meridian line
passing through the middle of the mouth of the Kansas River, where the
same empties into the Missouri River; thence from the point aforesaid,
north, along the said meridian line, to the intersection of the parallel
of latitude which passes through the rapids of the river Des Moines,
making the said line to correspond with the Indian boundary line; thence
east from the point of intersection last aforesaid, along the said
parallel of latitude, to the middle of the channel of the main fork of
the said river Des Moines; thence down and along the middle of the main
channel of the said river Des Moines, to the mouth of the same, where it
empties into the Mississippi River; thence due east to the middle of the
main channel of the Mississippi River; thence down and following the
course of the Mississippi River, in the middle of the main channel
thereof, to the place of beginning."
The present counties of Atchison, Nodaway, Holt, Andrew, Buchanan and
Platte, located in the northwestern corner of the state were not then
included within the boundaries. These six counties were acquired by what
is known as "The Platte Purchase", an act of Congress, approved June 7,
1836 (U.S. Statutes at Large, 34, entitled "An Act to extend the western
boundary of the State of Missouri to the Missouri River"). In Cooley v.
Golden, 52 Mo.App. 229, it was decided that this carried the western
boundary of the state to the center of the channel of the Missouri River
and that Missouri and Nebraska have concurrent jurisdiction over the
river.
In 1849 a dispute arose between Missouri and Iowa as to the true location
of the boundary line dividing the two states. An action was filed in the
United States Supreme Court and it was determined that the northern
boundary of Missouri was the Osage line as run by Sullivan in 1816, from
the northwest corner made by him to the Des Moines River; and that a line
extended due west from said northwest corner to the Missouri River was
the proper northern boundary of the territory included in the Platte
Purchase. (Missouri v. Iowa, 7 How. 660.)
In 1870 an action was filed in the Supreme Court of the United States to
establish the boundary between the states of Missouri and Kentucky at a
point on the Mississippi River, twenty miles below the mouth of the Ohio,
known as Wolf Island. It was determined that the boundary line ran along
the center of the main channel of the river, as the river had been in
1820 at the time Missouri was admitted into the Union. It was found that
at that time the main channel of the Mississippi had been on the western
side of Wolf Island. Thus, Wolf Island was within the Kentucky boundary.
(Missouri v. Kentucky, 11 Wall. 395.)
Again in 1937, Missouri commenced suit against Iowa in the Supreme Court
of the United States to determine the boundary between Clark County in
the state of Missouri and Lee County in the state of Iowa. A stipulation
was filed whereby it was proposed that the legislatures of Missouri and
Iowa pass like bills, Missouri relinquishing to Iowa all jurisdiction to
lands lying north and east of the Des Moines River then in Clark County,
Missouri, and Iowa relinquishing to Missouri all lands lying south and
west of the Des Moines River, then in Lee County, Iowa. Missouri and Iowa
each passed such bill. (Laws of Missouri, 1939, p. 476; Iowa, 48th
general assembly, chapter 304.) The acts were submitted to the Congress
of the United States and approved August 10, 1939. (Pub. Res. No. 74,
76th Congress.)
A controversy over the boundary between Missouri and Kansas is made the
subject of a 1949 act (Laws of Missouri 1949 page 311) wherein it is
provided that "the center of the channel of the Missouri River, as its
flow extends from its intersection with the fortieth parallel, north
latitude, southward to the middle of the mouth of the Kansas or Kaw
River" shall be the boundary between such states. The act was not to
become operative unless Kansas enacted a similar law relinquishing
sovereignty over lands lying on the Missouri side of the center of the
channel, within two years from its effective date. The corresponding
Kansas law appears in General Statutes of Kansas of 1949, sections
82a-521 to 82a-527. (1955) Where island, formed on Kansas side of
Missouri river, as a result of a channel change during the flood of 1944,
became attached to Holt County, Missouri, it became a part of Holt County
under Laws 1949, p. 311, and corresponding Kansas and federal acts. Hall
v. Hudgins (Mo.), 277 S.W.2d 637.
In 1981, the 1st regular session of the 81st general assembly, by House
Bill No. 147, acted to settle a boundary dispute with the state of Kansas
concerning certain property in the vicinity of the French Bottoms near
St. Joseph, Missouri. The general assembly ratified and affirmed a
boundary survey which set the boundary line as the thalweg line (deep
water line) of the channel of the Missouri River, abandoned by avulsion
in April, 1952. The corresponding Kansas law appears in Kansas Statutes
Annotated 1980 Supplement, sections 82a-527a and 82a-527b. Ratified by
Congress by H.R. 4048. Signed by the President on October 16, 1981.
That on and after the approval and consent of the Congress of the
United States of America to this act and a similar or reciprocal act
enacted by the legislature of the state of Nebraska, as hereinafter
provided, the boundary line between the states of Missouri and Nebraska
shall be as follows:
MISSOURI-NEBRASKA BOUNDARY COMPACT ARTICLE I. Findings and Purposes
(a) The states of Missouri and Nebraska find that there are actual and
potential disputes, controversies, criminal proceedings and litigation
arising or which may arise out of the location of the boundary line
between the states of Missouri and Nebraska; that the Missouri River
constituting the boundary between the states has changed its course from
time to time, and that the United States Army Corps of Engineers has
established a main channel of such river for navigation and other
purposes, which main channel is identified on maps jointly certified by
the state surveyors of Missouri and Nebraska and identified as the
"Missouri-Nebraska Boundary Maps", which maps are incorporated in this
act and made part of this act by reference, and which maps shall be filed
with the secretaries of state of Missouri and Nebraska.
(b) It is the principal purpose of the states of Missouri and Nebraska in
executing the compact to establish an identifiable compromise boundary
between the state of Missouri and the state of Nebraska for the entire
distance thereof as of the effective date of the compact without
interfering with or otherwise affecting private rights or titles to
property, and the states of Nebraska and Missouri declare that further
compelling purposes of the compact are:
(1) To create a friendly and harmonious interstate relationship;
(2) To avoid multiple exercise of sovereignty and jurisdiction including
matters of taxation, judicial and police powers and exercise of
administrative authority;
(3) To encourage settlement and disposition of pending litigation and
criminal proceedings and avoid or minimize future disputes and litigation;
(4) To promote economic and political stability;
(5) To encourage the optimum mutual beneficial use of the Missouri River,
its waters and its facilities;
(6) To establish a forum for settlement of future disputes;
(7) To place the boundary in a location which can be identified or
located; and
(8) To express the intent and policy of the states that the common
boundary be established within the confines of the Missouri River and
both states shall continue to have access to and use of the waters of the
river. ARTICLE II. Establishment of Boundary
The permanent compromise boundary line between the states of Missouri and
Nebraska shall be fixed at the center line of the main channel of the
Missouri River as of the effective date of the compact, except for that
land known as McKissick's Island as determined by the Supreme Court of
the United States to be within the state of Nebraska in the case of
Missouri v. Nebraska, 196 U.S. 23, and 197 U.S. 577, all of which is
identified on maps jointly prepared and certified by the state surveyors
of Missouri and Nebraska and identified as the "Missouri-Nebraska
Boundary Compact Maps", incorporated in this act and made a part of this
act by reference, and which maps shall be filed with the secretaries of
state of Missouri and Nebraska. This center line of the main channel of
the Missouri River between the states is also described in this act by
metes and bounds on the "Missouri-Nebraska Boundary Compact Maps"
incorporated in this act by reference and made a part of this act. This
center line of the main channel of the Missouri River as described on
such maps shall be referred to as the "compromise boundary". ARTICLE III.
Relinquishment of Sovereignty
The state of Missouri hereby relinquishes to the state of Nebraska all
sovereignty over all lands lying on the Nebraska side of such compromise
boundary and the state of Nebraska hereby relinquishes to the state of
Missouri all sovereignty over all lands lying on the Missouri side of
such compromise boundary except for that land known as McKissick's Island
which is identified on the "Missouri-Nebraska Boundary Compact Maps"
incorporated in this act by reference and made a part of this act.
ARTICLE IV. Pending Litigation
Nothing in the act shall be deemed or construed to affect any litigation
pending in the courts of either of the states of Missouri or Nebraska as
of the effective date of the compact concerning the title to any of the
lands, sovereignty over which is relinquished by the state of Missouri to
the state of Nebraska or by the state of Nebraska to the state of
Missouri and any matter concerning the title to lands, sovereignty over
which is relinquished by either state to the other, may be continued in
the courts of the state where pending until the final determination
thereof. ARTICLE V. Public Records
(a) The public record of real estate titles, mortgages and other liens in
the state of Missouri to any lands, the sovereignty over which is
relinquished by the state of Missouri to the state of Nebraska, shall be
accepted as evidence of record title to such lands, to and including the
effective date of such relinquishment by the state of Missouri, by the
courts of the state of Nebraska.
(b) The public record of real estate titles, mortgages and other liens in
the state of Nebraska to any lands, the sovereignty over which is
relinquished by the state of Nebraska to the state of Missouri, shall be
accepted as evidence of record title to such lands, to and including the
effective date of such relinquishment by the state of Nebraska, by the
courts of the state of Missouri.
(c) As to lands, the sovereignty over which is relinquished, the
recording officials of the counties of each state shall accept for filing
documents of title using legal descriptions derived from the land
descriptions of the other state. The acceptance of such documents for
filing shall have no bearing upon the legal effect or sufficiency
thereof. ARTICLE VI. Taxes
(a) Taxes lawfully imposed by either Missouri or Nebraska may be levied
and collected by such state or its authorized governmental subdivisions
and agencies on land, jurisdiction over which is relinquished by the
taxing state to the other, and any liens or other rights accrued or
accruing, including the right of collection, shall be fully recognized
and the county treasurers of the counties or other taxing authorities
affected shall act as agents in carrying out the provisions of this
article; provided, that all liens or other rights arising out of the
imposition of taxes, accrued or accruing, shall be claimed or asserted
within five years after the compact becomes effective and if not so
claimed or asserted shall be forever barred.
(b) The lands, sovereignty over which is relinquished by the state of
Missouri to the state of Nebraska, shall not thereafter be subject to the
imposition of taxes in the state of Missouri from and after the effective
date of the compact. The lands, sovereignty over which is relinquished by
the state of Nebraska to the state of Missouri, shall not thereafter be
subject to the imposition of taxes in the state of Nebraska from and
after the effective date of the compact. ARTICLE VII. Private Rights
(a) The compact shall not deprive any riparian owner of such riparian
owner's rights based upon riparian law and the establishment of the
compromise boundary between the states shall not in any way be deemed to
change or affect the boundary line of riparian owners along the Missouri
River as between such owners. The establishment of the compromise
boundary shall not operate to limit such riparian owner's rights to
accretions across such compromise boundary.
(b) No private individual or entity claims of title to lands along the
Missouri River, over which sovereignty is relinquished by the compact,
shall be prejudiced by the relinquishment of such sovereignty and any
claims or possessory rights necessary to establish adverse possession
shall not be terminated or limited by the fact that the jurisdiction over
such lands may have been transferred by the compact. Neither state will
assert any claim of title to abandoned beds of the Missouri River, lands
along the Missouri River, or the bed of the Missouri River based upon any
doctrine of state ownership of the beds or abandoned beds of navigable
waters, as against any land owners or claimants claiming interest in real
estate arising out of titles, muniments of title, or exercises of
jurisdiction of or from the other state, which titles or muniments of
title commenced prior to the effective date of this compact. ARTICLE
VIII. Readjustment of Boundary by Negotiation
If at any time after the effective date of the compact the Missouri River
shall move or be moved by natural means or otherwise so that the flow
thereof at any point along the course forming the boundary between the
states occurs entirely within one of the states, each state at the
request of the other, agrees to enter into and conduct negotiations in
good faith for the purpose of readjusting the boundary at the place or
places where such movement occurred consistent with the intent, policy
and purpose hereof that the boundary will be placed within the Missouri
River. ARTICLE IX. Effective Date
(a) The compact shall become effective on the first day of January of the
year after it is ratified by the general assembly of the state of
Missouri and the legislature of the state of Nebraska and approved by the
Congress of the United States.
(b) As of the effective date of the compact, the state of Missouri and
the state of Nebraska shall relinquish sovereignty over the lands
described in the compact and shall assume and accept sovereignty over
such lands ceded to them as provided in the compact.
(c) In the event the compact is not approved by the general assembly of
the state of Missouri and the legislature of the state of Nebraska on or
before October 1, 1999, and approved by the Congress of the United States
within three years from the date of such approval, the compact shall be
inoperative and for all purposes shall be void. ARTICLE X. Enforcement
Nothing in the compact shall be construed to limit or prevent either
state from instituting or maintaining any action or proceeding, legal or
equitable, in any court having jurisdiction, for the protection of any
right under the compact or the enforcement of any of its provisions.
ARTICLE XI. Amendments
The compact shall remain in full force and effect unless amended in the
same manner as that by which it was created. (L. 1990 H.B. 1063, A.L.
1995 H.B. 35 merged with S.B. 123, A.L. 1997 S.B. 29)
Revisor's note: This compact was first approved by the General Assembly
of the State of Missouri on April 18, 1990 and signed by the Governor of
Missouri on May 9, 1990. The Legislature of the State of Nebraska took no
action from 1990 through 1997. In 1998, Nebraska passed Legislative Bill
59 which was signed by the Governor of Nebraska on April 14, 1998, and
became effective on July 15, 1998.
On November 12, 1999, HJR 54, which grants the consent of the United
States Congress to the Missouri-Nebraska Boundary Compact, was signed
into law by the President of the United States and became Public Law
106-101.
There is hereby established the "Missouri Boundary Commission"
consisting of the governor or his designee, the attorney general or his
designee, the state land surveyor or his designee, two members of the
senate appointed by the president pro tem of the senate, two members of
the house of representatives appointed by the speaker of the house of
representatives, and two persons from the general public appointed by the
governor, with the advice and consent of the senate. The governor or his
designee shall serve as chairman of the commission and shall be
responsible for calling the meetings of the commission, managing any
funds appropriated to the commission, providing clerical support to the
commission, and administering sections 7.200 to 7.250. (L. 1992 S.B. 571
§ 1)
Effective 7-9-92
The governor, attorney general, and state land surveyor or their
designees and the members of the general assembly shall serve on the
commission for a term equal to their terms of office. The appointed
commissioners from the general public shall serve for the period of the
active boundary negotiations for which the commission has been convened,
subject to removal at any time by the governor. The successors to the
office of governor, attorney general, and the state land surveyor shall,
in addition to all other duties, assume the duties for each office
pursuant to this section. The governor shall fill by appointment any
vacancy due to the termination of a term of one of the appointed
commissioners. All commissioners from the general public shall be
reimbursed for their actual and necessary expenses incurred in the
performance of their duties, but no commissioner shall receive any other
compensation for his* services on the commission. (L. 1992 S.B. 571 § 2)
Effective 7-9-92
*Word "their" appears in original rolls.
The Missouri boundary commission shall represent the state of
Missouri and may enter into negotiations with representatives from any
state having common borders with the state of Missouri for the purpose of
negotiating compacts with each of these states for the establishment of
official boundaries between Missouri and each of these states. (L. 1992
S.B. 571 § 3)
Effective 7-9-92
Any compact negotiated by the Missouri boundary commission shall
not be binding or obligatory on the state of Missouri or its citizens
unless and until such compact has been ratified by the state legislatures
of the states involved and approved by the Congress of the United States.
The commission shall provide service as necessary during the period of
state and congressional ratification. (L. 1992 S.B. 571 § 4)
Effective 7-9-92
1. The Missouri boundary commission shall be convened by the
governor when there is a need to conduct boundary negotiations with any
adjoining state. The general public commission members shall be selected
when the commission is convened for such negotiation.
2. Within four weeks after July 9, 1992, the Missouri boundary commission
shall be convened by the governor for the purpose of initiating
negotiations with the state of Nebraska concerning the Nebraska-Missouri
boundary. (L. 1992 S.B. 571 § 5)
Effective 7-9-92
As soon as compact agreements to establish official boundaries
with any state having common borders with the state of Missouri have been
negotiated by the Missouri boundary commission, ratified by the state
legislatures of the states involved, and approved by the Congress of the
United States, and no other boundary negotiations or discussions are in
progress, the Missouri boundary commission shall be dissolved until later
reconvened by the governor. If the Missouri boundary commission has not
negotiated a compact agreement to establish an official boundary with one
or more of such states, which has been ratified by the state legislatures
of the states involved and approved by the Congress of the United States,
the Missouri boundary commission may be dismissed by the governor on a
finding that further negotiation will not result in progress toward the
establishment of an official boundary with any such state. (L. 1992 S.B.
571 § 6)
Effective 7-9-92
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