Article 57: Highest Organ of State Power

The National People's Congress of the People's Republic of China is the highest organ of state power. Its permanent body is the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress.

Article 58: Legislative Power

The National People's Congress and its Standing Committee exercise the legislative power of the state.

Article 59: Representation

1. The National People's Congress is composed of deputies elected by the provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government, and by the armed forces. All the minority nationalities are entitled to appropriate representation.

2. Election of deputies to the National People's Congress is conducted by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress.

3. The number of deputies to the National People's Congress and the manner of their election are prescribed by law.

Article 60: Election, Term

1. The National People's Congress is elected for a term of five years.

2. Two months before the expiration of the term of office of a National People's Congress, its Standing Committee must ensure that the election of deputies to the succeeding National People's Congress is completed. Should exceptional circumstances prevent such an election, it may be postponed by decision of a majority vote of more than two-thirds of all those on the Standing Committee of the current National People's Congress and the term of office of the current National People's Congress may be extended. The election of deputies to the succeeding National People's Congress must be completed within one year after the termination of such exceptional circumstances.

Article 61: Sessions, Presidium

1. The National People's Congress meets in session once a year and is convened by its Standing Committee. A session of the National People's Congress may be convened at any time the Standing Committee deems this necessary, or when more than one-fifth of the deputies to the National People's Congress so propose.

2. When the National People's Congress meets, it elects a presidium to conduct its session.

Article 62: Functions and Powers

The National People's Congress exercises the following functions and powers:
Article 63: Power to Recall or Remove Officials

The National People's Congress has the power to recall or remove from office the following persons:

Article 64: Amendments to the Constitution

1. Amendments to the Constitution are to be proposed by the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress or by more than one-fifth of the deputies to the National People's Congress and adopted by a majority vote of more than two-thirds of all the deputies to the Congress.

2. Statutes and resolutions are adopted by a majority vote of more than one half of all the deputies to the National People's Congress.

Article 65: Standing Committee

1. The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress is composed of the following: the Chairman; the Vice Chairmen; the Secretary General; and members.

2. Minority nationalities are entitled to appropriate representation on the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress.

3. The National People's Congress elects, and has the power to recall, all those on its Standing Committee.

4. No one on the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress shall hold any post in any of the administrative, judicial or procuratorial organs of the state.

Article 66: Election, Term, Chairmen

1. The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress is elected for the same term as the National People's Congress; it exercises its functions and powers until a new Standing Committee is elected by the succeeding National People's Congress.

2. The Chairman and Vice Chairmen of the Standing Committee shall serve no more than two consecutive terms.

Article 67: Functions and Powers

The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress exercises the following functions and powers:
Article 68: Presidency

1. The Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress presides over the work of the Standing Committee and convenes its meetings. The Vice Chairmen and the Secretary General assist in the work of the Chairman.

2. Executive meetings with the participation of the Chairman, Vice Chairman and Secretary General handle the important day-to-day work of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress.

Article 69: Report on the Work

The Standing Committee of the National People's Congress is responsible to the National People's Congress and reports on its work to the Congress.

Article 70: Committees

1. The National People's Congress establishes a Nationalities Committee, a Law Committee, a Financial and Economic Committee, an Education, Science, Culture, and Public Health Committee, a Foreign Affairs Committee, an Overseas Chinese Committee, and such other special committees as are necessary. These special committees work under the direction of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress when the Congress is not in session.

2. The special committees examine, discuss and draw up relevant bills and draft resolutions under the direction of the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee.

Article 71: Ad Hoc Committees

1. The National People's Congress and its Standing Committee may, when they deem it necessary, appoint committees of inquiry into specific questions and adopt relevant resolutions in the light of their reports.

2. All organs of state, public organizations, and citizens concerned are obliged to supply the necessary information to those committees of inquiry when they conduct investigations.

Article 72: Legislative Initiative

Deputies to the National People's Congress and all those on its Standing Committee have the right, in accordance with procedures prescribed by law, to submit bills and proposals within the scope of the respective functions and powers of the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee.

Article 73: Right to Question the State Council

Deputies to the National People's Congress during its sessions, and all those on its Standing Committee during its meetings, have the right to address questions, in accordance with procedures prescribed by law, to the State Council or the ministries and commissions under the State Council, which must answer the questions in a responsible manner.

Article 74: Immunity

No deputy to the National People's Congress may be arrested or placed on criminal trial without the consent of the Presidium of the current session of the National People's Congress or, when the National People's Congress is not in session, without the consent of its Standing Committee.

Article 75: Indemnity

Deputies to the National People's Congress may not be called to legal account for their speeches or votes at its meetings.

Article 76: Obedience to the Constitution

1. Deputies to the National People's Congress must play an exemplary role in abiding by the Constitution and the law and keeping state secrets and, in production and other work and their public activities, assist in the enforcement of the Constitution and the law.

2. Deputies to the National People's Congress should maintain close contact with the units which elected them and with the people, listen to and convey the opinions and demands of the people, and work hard to serve them.

Article 77: Direct/Imperative Mandate

Deputies to the National People's Congress are subject to the supervision of the units which elected them. The electoral units have the power, through procedures prescribed by law, to recall deputies whom they elected.

Article 78: Organizational Law

The organization and working procedures of the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee are prescribed by law.


Article 79: Election, Term

1. The President and Vice President of the People's Republic of China are elected by the National People's Congress.

2. Citizens of the People's Republic of China who have the right to vote and to stand for election and who have reached the age of 45 are eligible for election as President or Vice President of the People's Republic of China.

3. The term of office of the President and Vice President of the People's Republic of China is the same as that of the National People's Congress, and they shall serve no more than two consecutive terms.

Article 80: Functions and Powers

The President of the People's Republic of China, in pursuance of decisions of the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee, promulgates statutes, appoints and removes the Premier, Vice Premiers, State Councilors, Ministers in charge of ministries or commissions, and the Auditor General and the Secretary General of the State Council; confers state medals and titles of honor; issues orders of special pardons; proclaims martial law; proclaims a state of war; and issues mobilization orders.

Article 81: Diplomatic Representation

The President of the People's Republic of China receives foreign diplomatic representatives on behalf of the People's Republic of China and, in pursuance of decisions of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress, appoints and recalls plenipotentiary representatives abroad, and ratifies and abrogates treaties and important agreements concluded with foreign states.

Article 82: Vice President

1. The Vice President of the People's Republic of China assists in the work of the President.

2. The Vice President of the People's Republic of China may exercise such parts of the functions and powers of the President as may be deputed by the President.

Article 83: End of Office

The President and Vice President of the People's Republic of China exercise their functions and powers until the new President and Vice President elected by the succeeding National People's Congress assume office.

Article 84: Vacancy

1. In case the office of the President of the People's Republic of China falls vacant, the Vice President succeeds to the office of President.

2. In case the office of the Vice President of the People's Republic of China falls vacant, the National People's Congress shall elect a new Vice President to fill the vacancy.

3. In the event that the offices of both the President and the Vice President of the People's Republic of China fall vacant, the National People's Congress shall elect a new President and a new Vice President. Prior to such election, the Chairman of the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress shall temporarily act as the President of the People's Republic of China.


Article 85: Governmental Powers

The State Council, that is, the Central People's Government, of the People's Republic of China is the executive body of the highest organ of state power; it is the highest organ of state administration.

Article 86: Composition

1. The State Council is composed of the following: the Premier; the Vice Premiers; the State Councilors; the Ministers in charge of ministries, the Ministers in charge of commissions; the Auditor General; and the Secretary General.

2. The Premier has overall responsibility for the State Council. The ministers have overall responsibility for the ministries or commissions under their charge.

3. The organization of the State Council is prescribed by law.

Article 87: Term

1. The term of office of the State Council is the same as that of the National People's Congress.

2. The Premier, Vice Premiers, and State Councilors shall serve no more than two consecutive terms.

Article 88: Premier

1. The Premier directs the work of the State Council. The Vice Premiers and State Councilors assist in the work of the Premier

2. Executive meetings of the State Council are composed of the Premier, the Vice Premiers, the State Councilors, and the Secretary General of the State Council.

3. The Premier convenes and presides over the executive meetings and plenary meetings of the State Council.

Article 89: Functions and Powers

The State Council exercises the following functions and powers:

1. to adopt administrative measures, enact administrative rules and regulations, and issue decisions and orders in accordance with the Constitution and the statutes;
2. to submit proposals to the National People's Congress or its Standing Committee;
3. to lay down the tasks and responsibilities of the ministries and commissions of the State Council, to exercise unified leadership over the work of the ministries and commissions, and to direct all other administrative work of a national character that does not fall within the jurisdiction of the ministries and commissions;
4. to exercise unified leadership over the work of local organs of state administration at different levels throughout the country, and to lay down the detailed division of functions and powers between the Central Government and the organs of state administration of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government;
5. to draw up and implement the plan for national economic and social development and the state budget;
6. to direct and administer economic affairs and urban and rural development;
7. to direct and administer affairs of education, science, culture, public health, physical culture, and family planning;
8. 8. to direct and administer civil affairs, public security, judicial administration, supervision, and other related matters;
9. to conduct foreign affairs and conclude treaties and agreements with foreign states;
10. to direct and administer the building of national defence;
11. to direct and administer affairs concerning the nationalities, and to safeguard the equal rights of minority nationalities and the right of autonomy of the national autonomous areas;
12. to protect the legitimate rights and interests of Chinese nationals residing abroad and protect the lawful rights and interests of returned overseas Chinese and of the family members of Chinese nationals residing abroad;
13. to alter or annul inappropriate orders, directives, and regulations issued by the ministries or commissions;
14. to alter or annul inappropriate decisions and orders issued by local organs of state administration at different levels;
15. to approve the geographic division of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government, and to approve the establishment and geographic division of autonomous prefectures, counties, autonomous counties, and cities;
16. to decide on the enforcement of martial law in parts of provinces, autonomous regions, and municipalities directly under the Central Government;
17. to examine and decide on the size of administrative organs and, in accordance with the law, to appoint, remove, and train administrative officers, appraise their work and reward or punish them; and
18. to exercise such other functions and powers as the National People's Congress or its Standing Committee may assign it.

Article 90: Ministers

1. The Ministers in charge of ministries or commissions of the State Council are responsible for the work of their respective departments and convene and preside over ministerial meetings or commission meetings that discuss and decide on major issues in the work of their respective departments.

2. The ministries and commissions issue orders, directives, and regulations within the jurisdiction of their respective departments and in accordance with the statutes and the administrative rules and regulations, decisions, and orders issued by the State Council.

Article 91: Auditing Body

1. The State Council establishes an auditing body to supervise through auditing the revenue and expenditure of all departments under the State Council and of the local governments at different levels, and those of the state financial and monetary organizations and of enterprises and undertakings.

2. Under the direction of the Premier of the State Council, the auditing body independently exercises its power to supervise through auditing in accordance with the law, subject to no interference by any other administrative organ or any public organization or individual.

Article 92: Report on the Work

The State Council is responsible, and reports on its work, to the National People's Congress or, when the National People's Congress is not in session, to its Standing Committee.


Article 93: Function, Composition, Term

1. The Central Military Commission of the People's Republic of China directs the armed forces of the country.

2. The Central Military Commission is composed of the following: the Chairman; the Vice Chairmen; and members.

3. The Chairman of the Central Military Commission has overall responsibility for the Commission.

4. The term of office of the Central Military Commission is the same as that of the National People's Congress.

Article 94: Responsibility

The Chairman of the Central Military Commission is responsible to the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee.


Article 95: Local Governments

1. People's congresses and people's governments are established in provinces, municipalities directly under the Central Government, counties, cities, municipal districts, townships, nationality townships, and towns.

2. The organization of local people's congresses and local people's governments at different levels is prescribed by law.

3. Organs of self-government are established in autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures, and autonomous counties. The organization and working procedures of organs of self-government are prescribed by law in accordance with the basic principles laid down in Sections V and VI of Chapter Three of the Constitution.

Article 96: State Power, Standing Committees

1. Local people's congresses at different levels are local organs of state power.

2. Local people's congresses at and above the county level establish standing committees.

Article 97: Deputies

1. Deputies to the people's congresses of provinces, municipalities directly under the Central Government, and cities divided into districts are elected by the people's congresses at the next lower level; deputies to the people's congresses of counties, cities not divided into districts, municipal districts, townships, nationality townships, and towns are elected directly by their constituencies.

2. The number of deputies to local people's congresses at different levels and the manner of their election are prescribed by law.

Article 98: Term

The term of office of the people's congresses of provinces, municipalities directly under the Central Government and cities divided into districts is five years. The term of office of the people's congresses of counties, cities not divided into districts, municipal districts, townships, nationality townships, and towns is three years.

Article 99: Obedience to the Constitution

1. Local people's congresses at different levels ensure the observance and implementation of the Constitution, the statutes and the administrative rules and regulations in their respective administrative areas. Within the limits of their authority as prescribed by law, they adopt and issue resolutions and examine and decide on plans for local economic and cultural development and for the development of public services.

2. Local people's congresses at and above the county level examine and approve the plans for economic and social development and the budgets of their respective administrative areas, and examine and approve reports on their implementation. They have the power to alter or annul inappropriate decisions of their own standing committees.

3. The people's congresses of nationality townships may, within the limits of their authority as prescribed by law, take specific measures suited to the peculiarities of the nationalities concerned.

Article 100: Obedience to the Central Government

The people's congresses of provinces and municipalities directly under the Central Government, and their standing committees, may adopt local regulations, which must not contravene the Constitution, the statutes, and the administrative rules and regulations, and they shall report such local regulations to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress for the record.

Article 101: Power to Elect and Recall Officials

1. At their respective levels, local people's congresses elect, and have the power to recall, governors and deputy governors, or mayors and deputy mayors, or heads and deputy heads of counties, districts, townships, and towns.

2. Local people's congresses at and above the county level elect, and have the power to recall, presidents of people's courts and chief procurators of people's procuratorates at the corresponding level. The election or recall of chief procurators of people's procuratorates shall be reported to the chief procurators of the people's procuratorates at the next higher level for submission to the standing committees of the people's congresses at the corresponding level for approval.

Article 102: Direct/Imperative Mandate

1. Deputies to the people's congresses of provinces, municipalities directly under the Central Government and cities divided into districts are subject to supervision by the units which elected them; deputies to the people's congresses of counties, cities not divided into districts, municipal districts, townships, nationality townships, and towns are subject to supervision by their constituencies.

2. The electoral units and constituencies which elect deputies to local people's congresses at different levels have the power, according to procedures prescribed by law, to recall deputies whom they elected.

Article 103: Responsibility of Standing Committees

1. The standing committee of a local people's congress at and above the county level is composed of a chairman, vice chairmen and members, and is responsible, and reports on its work, to the people's congress at the corresponding level.

2. The local people's congress at and above the county level elects, and has the power to recall, anyone on the standing committee of the people's congress at the corresponding level.

3. No one on the standing committee of a local people's congress at and above the county level shall hold any post in state administrative, judicial, and procuratorial organs.

Article 104: Functions and Powers

The standing committee of a Local people's congress at and above the county level discusses and decides on major issues in all fields of work in its administrative area; supervises the work of the people's government, people's court and people's procuratorate at the corresponding level; annuls inappropriate decisions and orders of the people's government at the corresponding level; annuls inappropriate resolutions of the people's congress at the next lower level; decides on the appointment and removal of functionaries of state organs within the limits of its authority as prescribed by law; and, when the people's congress at the corresponding level is not in session, recalls individual deputies to the people's congress at the next higher level and elects individual deputies to fill vacancies in that people's congress.

Article 105: Executive Bodies

1. Local people's governments at different levels are the executive bodies of local organs of state power as well as the local organs of state administration at the corresponding level.

2. Local people's governments at different levels practice the system of overall responsibility by governors, mayors, county heads, district heads, township heads, and town heads.

Article 106: Corresponding Terms

The term of office of local people's governments at different levels is the same as that of the people's congresses at the corresponding level.

Article 107: Administrative Work

1. Local people's governments at and above the county level, within the limits of their authority as prescribed by law, conduct the administrative work concerning the economy, education, science, culture, public health, physical culture, urban and rural development, finance, civil affairs, public security, nationalities affairs, judicial administration, supervision, and family planning in their respective administrative areas; issue decisions and orders; appoint, remove, and train administrative functionaries, appraise their work and reward or punish them.

2. People's governments of townships, nationality townships, and towns carry out the resolutions of the people's congress at the corresponding level as well as the decisions and orders of the state administrative organs at the next higher level and conduct administrative work in their respective administrative areas.

3. People's governments of provinces and municipalities directly under the Central Government decide on the establishment and geographic division of townships, nationality townships, and towns.

Article 108: Hierarchy of Government

Local people's governments at and above the county level direct the work of their subordinate departments and of people's governments at lower levels, and have the power to alter or annul inappropriate decisions of their subordinate departments and people's governments at lower levels.

Article 109: Auditing Bodies

Auditing bodies are established by local people's governments at and above the county level. Local auditing bodies at different levels independently exercise their power to supervise through auditing in accordance with the law and are responsible to the people's government at the corresponding level and to the auditing body at the next higher level.

Article 110: Responsibility

1. Local people's governments at different levels are responsible, and report on their work, to people's congresses at the corresponding level. Local people's governments at and above the county level are responsible, and report on their work, to the standing committee of the people's congress at the corresponding level when the congress is not in session.

2. Local people's governments at different levels are responsible, and report on their work, to the state administrative organs at the next higher level. Local people's governments at different levels throughout the country are state administrative organs under the unified leadership of the State Council and are subordinate to it.

Article 111: Committees on Grass Roots Level

1. The residents' committees and villagers' committees established among urban and rural residents on the basis of their place of residence are mass organizations of self-management at the grass roots level. The chairman, vice chairmen and members of each residents' or villagers' committee are elected by the residents. The relationship between the residents' and villagers' committees and the grass roots organs of state power is prescribed by law.

2. The residents' and villagers' committees establish committees for people's mediation, public security, public health, and other matters in order to manage public affairs and social services in their areas, mediate civil disputes, help maintain public order, and convey residents' opinions and demands and make suggestions to the people's government.


Article 112: Autonomies Areas

The organs of self-government of national autonomous areas are the people's congresses and people's governments of autonomous regions, autonomous prefectures, and autonomous counties.

Article 113: Representation

1. In the people's congress of an autonomous region, prefecture or county, in addition to the deputies of the nationality or nationalities exercising regional autonomy in the administrative area, the other nationalities inhabiting the area are also entitled to appropriate representation.

2. The chairmanship and vice chairmanships of the standing committee of the people's congress of an autonomous region, prefecture or county shall include a citizen or citizens of the nationality or nationalities exercising regional autonomy in the area concerned.

Article 114: Nationality of the Administrative Head

The administrative head of an autonomous region, prefecture or county shall be a citizen of the nationality, or of one of the nationalities, exercising regional autonomy in the area concerned.

Article 115: Power of Autonomy

The organs of self-government of autonomous regions, prefectures, and counties exercise the functions and powers of local organs of state as specified in Section V of Chapter Three of the Constitution. At the same time, they exercise the power of autonomy within the limits of their authority as prescribed by the Constitution, the law of regional national autonomy and other laws, and implement the laws and policies of the state in the light of the existing local situation.

Article 116: Autonomy Regulations

People's congresses of national autonomous areas have the power to enact autonomy regulations and specific regulations in the light of the political, economic, and cultural characteristics of the nationality or nationalities in the areas concerned. The autonomy regulations and specific regulations of autonomous regions shall be submitted to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress for approval before they go into effect. Those of autonomous prefectures and counties shall be submitted to the standing committees of the people's congresses of provinces or autonomous regions for approval before they go into effect, and they shall be reported to the Standing Committee of the National People's Congress for the record.

Article 117: Financial Autonomy

The organs of self-government of the national autonomous areas have the power of autonomy in administering the finances of their areas. All revenues accruing to the national autonomous areas under the financial system of the state shall be managed and used by the organs of self-government of those areas on their own.

Article 118: Autonomous Development Plans

1. The organs of self-government of the national autonomous areas independently arrange for and administer local economic development under the guidance of state plans.

2. In exploiting natural resources and building enterprises in the national autonomous areas, the state shall give due consideration to the interests of those areas.

Article 119: Autonomous Education

The organs of self-government of the national autonomous areas independently administer educational, scientific, cultural, public health, and physical culture affairs in their respective areas, protect and accumulate the cultural heritage of the nationalities and work for the development and flourishing of their cultures.

Article 120: Autonomous Security Forces

The organs of self-government of the national autonomous areas may, in accordance with the military system of the state and concrete local needs and with the approval of the State Council, organize local public security forces for the maintenance of public order.

Article 121: Autonomous Language

In performing their functions, the organs of self-government of the national autonomous areas, in accordance with the autonomy regulations of the respective areas, employ the spoken and written language or languages in common use in the locality.

Article 122: Minorities

1. The state gives financial, material, and technical assistance to the minority nationalities to accelerate their economic and cultural development.

2. The state helps the national autonomous areas train large numbers of cadres at different levels and specialized personnel and skilled workers of different professions and trades from among the nationality or nationalities in those areas.


Article 123: Judicial Organs

The people's courts in the People's Republic of China are the judicial organs of the state.

Article 124: Supreme People's Court

1. The People's Republic of China establishes the Supreme People's Court and the local people's courts at different levels, military courts and other special people's courts.

2. The term of office of the President of the Supreme People's Court is the same as that of the National People's Congress; the President shall serve no more than two consecutive terms.

3. The organization of people's courts in prescribed by law.

Article 125: Publicity, Right of Defense

All cases handled by the people's courts, except for those involving special circumstances as specified by law, shall be heard in public. The accused has the right of defense.

Article 126: Independence

The people's courts shall, in accordance with the law exercise judicial power independently and are not subject to interference by administrative organs, public organizations, or individuals.

Article 127: Highest Judicial Organ

1. The Supreme People's Court is the highest judicial organ.

2. The Supreme People's Court supervises the administration of justice by the local people's courts at different levels and by the special people's courts; people's courts at higher levels supervise the administration of justice by those at lower levels.

Article 128: Responsibility of the Supreme People's Court

The Supreme People's Court is responsible to the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee. Local people's courts at different levels are responsible to the organs of state power which created them.

Article 129: People's Procuratorates

The people's procuratorates of the People's Republic of China are state organs for legal supervision.

Article 130: Supreme People's Procuratorate

1. The People's Republic of China establishes the Supreme People's Procuratorate and the local people's procuratorates at different levels, military procuratorates, and other special people's procuratorates.

2. The term of office of the Procurator General of the Supreme People's Procuratorate is the same as that of the National People's Congress; the Procurator General shall serve no more than two consecutive terms.

3. The organization of people's procuratorates is prescribed by law.

Article 131: Procuratorial Power, Independence

People's procuratorates shall, in accordance with the law, exercise procuratorial power independently and are not subject to interference by administrative organs, public organizations, or individuals.

Article 132: Highest Procuratorial Organ

1. The Supreme People's Procuratorate is the highest procuratorial organ.

2. The Supreme People's Procuratorate directs the work of the local people's procuratorates at different levels and of the special people's procuratorates; people's procuratorates at higher levels direct the work of those at lower levels.

Article 133: Responsibility of Supreme People's Procuratorate

The Supreme People's Procuratorate is responsible to the National People's Congress and its Standing Committee. Local people's procuratorates at different levels are responsible to the organs of state power at the corresponding levels which created them and to the people's procuratorates at the higher level.

Article 134: Language in Trials

1. Citizens of all nationalities have the right to use the spoken and written languages of their own nationalities in court proceedings. The people's courts and people's procuratorates should provide translation for any party to the court proceedings who is not familiar with the spoken or written languages in common use in the locality.

2. In an area where people of a minority nationality live in a compact community or where a number of nationalities live together, hearings should be conducted in the language or languages in common use in the locality; indictments, judgments, notices, and other documents should be written, according to actual needs, in the language or languages in common use in the locality.

Article 135: Independence of Functions

The people's courts, people's procuratorates, and public security organs shall, in handling criminal cases, divide their functions, each taking responsibility for its own work, and they shall co-ordinate their efforts and check each other to ensure correct and effective enforcement of law.